Mark McMinn, the author of the book Psychology Essay

Theology and Spirituality, did an excellent job discussing the aspects of psychology, theology and spirituality, and how they can be integrated by a Counselor. Each chapter opened with a real life example of what it would be like to not properly integrate psychology, theology and spirituality. Christian counselors are charged to incorporate spirituality in their personal lives and properly display these same practices with their clients. Christian counselors are individuals who seek and successfully become trained in counseling theories and techniques as well as theology practices such as using prayer and scripture. â€Å"This type of training can rarely be accomplished in the classroom. But it calls us to lives of spiritual discipline and a personal love for scripture† (McMinn, 2011, p. 139). According to McMinn, the goals of Christian counseling are multi-faceted (McMinn, 2011). Most counseling maps are focused on mental health. McMinn (2011) presented a healing map. This map displayed the link between self-sufficiency, brokenness and the healing relationship and how they relate to the core foundations; prayer, scripture, sin, confessions, forgiveness and redemption. Effective counselors are passionate and irrepressible in the walk with God. McMinn also cautions counselors on the limitations and challenges they will face in counseling. Each section discussed one core foundation. McMinn not only discussed these topics in depth, he also related them to the healing map by answering these three questions; Will this help establish a healthy sense of self? Will this help establish a healthy sense of need? And will this help establish a healing relationship? (McMinn, 2011). McMinn discussed the true purpose that self-sufficiency served and pointed out that this purpose was greatly corrupted, leading to the brokenness that requires a healing relationship. Self-sufficiency is our freedom to love and be kind. When we take this freedom too far, we end up having to face consequences that can have lasting effects, with the absence of a healing relationship. Brokenness not only causes us to seek counseling, but it draws us nearer to God and this in turn allows a true healing relationship to begin (McMinn, 2011). The foundations that McMinn discussed; prayer, scripture, confession of sin, forgiveness and redemptions, are all needed to properly devise therapy that will have actual results. When a counselor uses prayer in their session, it  enhances the client’s spiritual growth which also strengthens their faith (McMinn, 2011). â€Å"When we pray we humble ourselves and ask to become a partner in knowing and doing God’s will† (McMinn, 2011, p.85). When scripture is applied in counseling, it not only teaches the client how to understand it, but how to incorporate it in their lives, further strengthening their relationshi p with God. Scripture also helps the client recognize and understand sin. The realization of sin, helps the client understand why they are suffering and that there is real hope to overcome the suffering when they overcome sin. After acknowledging their sin, the client can now accept forgiveness and mercy. When the client is competent in acknowledging their sin and accepting mercy, they are not capable of establishing a sense of self (McMinn, 2011). The best part of the process is redemption. Redemption allows the counselor to honestly look at each core foundation with the client. Redemption provides that mirror of change and the growth to overcome obstacles in the future. Concrete Response Reference McMinn, M. R. (2011). Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling (Rev. ed.). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House

Aristotle and Kant Essay

Aristotle and Immanuel Kant have greatly influenced the moral and cultural views, and the way that we perceive the world as a whole now. If Aristotle was only judged solely in terms of his philosophical influence, only Plato is his peer: Aristotle’s works shaped centuries of philosophy from late antiquity through the renaissance, and even today continue to be studied with keen. On the other hand, Kant synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy, and continues to exercise a significant influence today in metaphysics, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover many subjects including physics, poetry, music, biology and ethics. Together with Plato and Socrates, Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. His views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that human concepts and categories structure our view of the world and its laws, and that reason is source of morality. His thought continues to hold a major influence in contemporary thought, especially in fields such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics. He is seen as a major figure in the history and development of philosophy. German and European thinking progressed after his time, and his influence still inspires philosophical work today.

Descartes and Plato Essay

Explain both of descartes Arguments for the existence of God Descartes proof of God’s existence comes from his third meditation and is based on three ideas. He argues that innate idea exists within us, the fictitious or invented ideas are a result of our own imagination and adventitious ideas result from our experiences in the world. Descartes said, the idea of God is innate and cannot be invented. Descartes presents some arguments that lead to his conclusion. The first argument is that nothing can result to something and the cause of an idea will always have a formal reality because the idea must have an objective reality. He argues that if an individual have God, then the idea has an infinite objective reality and therefore, the individual cannot be the cause of the idea, because he is not infinite or a perfect being or he doesn’t have enough formal reality. It’s only a perfect and infinite being who can be the cause of the idea. Therefore, God as an infinite reality must exist. A perfect being, is benevolent and good; implying that God is benevolent and would not deceive or allow making errors without giving a way of correcting the errors. The second argument Descartes gives is based on the premise that I exist, and my existence must have a cause. He gives the only possible causes are: my existence, existence of something less perfect than God and existence of God. Out of this Descartes argues that if I had created myself, I would have created myself perfect and that if my existence have a cause, then it doesn’t solve the problem. If I’m not an independent being, then I would need the sustenance of another being. And that the perfection in me could not originate from a less perfect being. Therefore God exists. Descartes second proof of God’s existence is based on the fifth meditation on essence of material objects and it’s called the ontological argument. Descartes identifies external objects that can either be distinct and clear or obscure and confused. Descartes argues that without any sure knowledge of existence of a supreme and perfect being it would be impossible to have any assurance of any truth. Descartes defined God as an infinitely perfect being and that perfection will include existence. Meaning therefore, God exists. Explain the Allegory of the Cave and relate it to Platos metaphysical and epistemological theory The allegory of cave is about prisoners who have spent their lives chained to the wall of a cave and facing the wall. The prisoners are watching shadows cast on the wall by objects passing in front of the fire behind them, and they start to attribute the forms of these shadows. It is a figurative show of how a man is trapped in the illusion of material existence and how he can free himself from such trappings by philosophical thoughts of personal and social awareness through constant self examination. These shadows are the close the prisoners can get to reality. When the one who actually is able to free himself from the cave, returns back to the cave to tell his fellow man about the world outside the cave he is ridiculed for his free thoughts by the ones not knowing the real truth yet. Thats how a philosopher feels, he is like the prisoner who has freed himself from the cave and realizes that shadows on the wall are not the reality of things in life but merely shadows. This allegory of the cave is related to Plato’s theory of Metaphysics and Epistemology. Seen as an epistemological account, it attempts to determine the importance of ideas which we can only comprehend through reason resulting from our experiences from the physical world. The allegory of the cave is a philosopher’s effort to enlighten the society which can be seen as prisoners, imprisoned by their dark ignorance. The cave could represent our daily experiences and how we always accept the dictates of the society without questioning them.

Annette Jacksion's Small Craft Store to Web Conversion Essay

Annette Jacksion's Small Craft Store to Web Conversion - Essay Example The lack of an already existent website can be viewed as a handicap, besides the low number of staff appointed to run the business. Therefore, the shop must look towards expanding its team of employees and creating a website that is comprehensive in terms of the details of products, purchase catalogue, and the like. Thus, this project management and expansion needs some analysis to begin with. The PAPERS Methodology is useful in such a scenario, when process, customs, promotion and web support are the major criteria in the formation and growth of the company. For instance, the eBay website employs the support of the customers and users of the website. They act as dealers of products and intermediaries. The website not only provides a great forum for buying and selling of products, but also gives the dealers, buyers and sellers the opportunity to discuss and share opinions and knowledge on various products via forums. The implementation of the philosophy of the selling of products and dissemination of information is in tune with the architectural compatibility

Social science Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social science - Research Proposal Example Whether one considers the progression between landline telephones, pagers, car phones, and eventually mobile communications and PDAs, such as are exhibited within the modern era, or whether one considers the growth and development of the microchip from what it was merely 30 years ago and to what it has become today, it is clear and obvious that technological change permeates nearly every aspect of the modern world in which we live. The intent of this brief analysis will be to understand technological integration within the field of museum presentation and cultural education can affect a greater overall understanding and appreciation with the stakeholder as compared to what has traditionally been affected over the past several decades; utilizing traditional approaches and techniques of information awareness. Regardless of how the times have changed, the key determinant question that the research will seek to speak to is whether or not existing technology can be leveraged as a means of generating more visits to museums and cultural institutions or whether or not current and past practices seek to fulfill this need to the best and most efficient degree. Firstly, as a level of measurement, a baseline of cultural integration and appreciation of traditional techniques will be measured with respect to total number of visits that museums operating under a non-technical interface and means of attraction have been able to garner over a time period of 10 years. Five specific museums within the capitals of Western Europe have been selected for analysis within such a study. Likewise, it must be understood that â€Å"low tech† approaches to museum visitorship have and will be defined as those museums that do not engage in any type of extensive electronic outreach. In other words, although web sites and certain types of limited mailing lists will be accepted for purposes of categorizing a particular subset of museums as leveraging older technology, the widespread relia nce upon smart phone apps and/or approaches that are heavily reliant upon social media will categorize a given set of museums within the technologically advanced category. As a result of a thorough literature review on the topic, it should be at least nominally expected that the museums and cultural institutions that have followed this traditional approach might necessarily experience little if any nominal increase with regards to the level of visitors and patrons they receive in any given year (Marty and Jones 28). However, whereas changes to overall levels could be noticed, these have oftentimes been attributed by other scholars as not pertaining to the level of technology or lack thereof; rather, they have been attributed to key changes in the economic, tourism rates, or other key indicators. In the same way, five separate museums, also within the capitals of five Western European nations will be analyzed to determine whether or not their technologically savvy approach has correl ated to more museum visits and/or a greater level of overall guests within the time period in question. From an analysis of the information and the literature that has been read concerning this reality, it is understood and surmised by the author that the use of technology within the cultural and historical museums of Western Europe, as well as the rest of the world, has a noticeable and verifiable

Business Economics Referred Coursework Assignment Essay

Business Economics Referred Coursework Assignment - Essay Example Middle East suffered a decline of wheat production of 7.4 million tons or about 19 percent because of the worst drought the country had experienced in 2008. (Commodity Intelligence Report, 15 December 2008) China and Iran, had each, reported worse effects of droughts to wheat crops. Drought in China as of October, 2010 had affected 7.73 million hectares of wheat plantation (China Daily). Iran estimated a decline of their 2008 production by 20% due to effects of drought (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 15 December 2008). A decline in production would mean a gap in supply and demand that raises price. The price of wheat is also affected by the weakening US dollar because this will mean a decline in the purchasing power of a dollar. The U.S. dollar is a world trading currency; meaning all prices of commodities are linked to its price, and devaluation would have a great impact to international trade. In anticipation of devaluation, all countries will immediately raise their prices. Co mmodities such as wheat, oil, coffee, etc. will now set their price records to protect their investments. Farmers know that the dollars they are receiving for the wheat is declining in purchasing power, so they have to adjust their prices in anticipation for the devaluation; that is why we have a higher price of wheat now. As an example, if the US dollar declines by 30%, and the farmer has $1 million in wheat, his million dollars will now be able to buy $700,000 worth of goods or services, so he lost $300,000 in purchasing power. 2. Identify the factors that determine the demand for goods and services in general? Consider how these factors affect the demand for wheat. In general, determinants of demand are income, tastes, prices of related goods and services, expectations and the number of buyers. We know that if we lower the price of a good without altering its quality or quantity, people will flock to you to buy as this the law of demand. We will illustrate the law of demand by ex ample in demand for wheat. The law of demand applies to a well defined good – the wheat. Then the second phase indicates that people must not only want to purchase the wheat but must be able to purchase the wheat in order to be counted as part of demand. But although willing, consumer is not able at the price of $111.00, so buyer thinks of something else to replace the need for wheat. The next step is to think of the price and quantity demanded; that is as the price rises, the quantity demanded falls, and as the price falls, the quantity demanded increases. 3. What are the major factors increasing the demand for wheat? [Make sure you use the concept of income elasticity of demand for wheat (Ardy, 2010, p. 5). The factors that increase demand for wheat are price, price of substitute goods; preferences, population and income. These factors are discussed in the following paragraphs. Price. As the price of wheat increases, assuming that all other factors remain equal, less people would demand for wheat. The demand slope is downward looking . As the price of wheat increases, people would naturally avoid consumption and look for substitute products that they would value more. The price of substitute goods. A substitute product is a good or service which may be bought instead of another when the price of the latter changes or if it becomes unavailable. For instance, the increase in wheat price will increase in the demand for corn,

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT- COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT- COURSEWORK - Essay Example The chief success story of Zara lies in strategies undertaken by the company. The corporate strategies had helped the company to grow faster with creative, flexible and innovative business model. The business model has differentiated the company from rest of the companies in the same industry. It has provided Zara with the best competitive advantage, both at international and local level (Berfield and Baigorri, 2013). Zara had regarded its target market as a â€Å"young educated one that likes fashion and is sensitive of fashion† (Wiggin, 2013). The company emphasizes on achieving competitive advantage over their rivals by integrating the manufacturing, production, logistics and customer handling staffs. The main activities, that escalate the speed of manufacturing and the supply chain, is the time taken to deliver Zara’s clothing from the manufacturing site (Hansen, 2012) 1) They regard customers as the centre of every clothing design strategy. Customers are questioned about their preferred clothing designs. The sales team of Zara makes use of the hand-held PDA devices for capturing the daily and even hourly feedback from customers, which enables them to ideate new clothing designs. The device daily transfers design to the Research and Development section, which is known as Cube (Valerio, 2013). The Cube team makes new clothing pieces in just two weeks and those match the exact needs of customers. The business strategy of Zara is clear; if a company has to succeed in the long run in a competitive market, then it has to be customer-centric. The needs and desires of customers are taken into account, so that the company can cater to their needs in the exact manner that they look for (Ferdows, Lewis and Machuca, 2003). 2) The company concentrates on technology for managing and tracking inventory and also, controlling cost. The sales associates send daily reports to the management, regarding

Graduate level Economic question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Graduate level Economic question - Assignment Example The outlook beyond 2012 is positive, where investments from the EU, Japan, China etc resume, and banking hubs like HK and Singapore resume expansion in developed economies. The deficit shall continue to increase for the foreseeable future. The government is printing like never before to keep the impact from its citizens. Due to this huge unsupported cash in the economy, the result shall be a hyper-inflationary trend that shall fuel an even tighter control on spending from consumers. The result will be a sudden loss of the US dollar’s purchasing power, causing other countries to exit long term treasury bonds to safer pastures (Williams 13). As soon as that happens, the bottom will fall out of the markets, as the others’ fear of American collapse will not fuel the support to the dollar, as the US shall have internally made it’s currency worthless. Federal reserve Policies will focus on a sustained purchase of gold to back the huge amount of dollars not backed by any assets, thereby causing gold to soar, and therefore become unaffordable to America itself. The feds will have to raise interest rates to protect the dollar, causing a fur ther slowdown in demand (Williams

Capital Punishment in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Punishment in America - Research Paper Example Deterrence is regarded as a means of discouraging individuals from engagement in criminal activities. This involves illustrating to offenders that harsh consequences would result for their criminal actions. Such consequences include one being imprisoned. As such, deterrence illustrates that punishment should be provided as a consequence of crime. Since human beings are rational, contemplation of the severity and consequences of punishment would deter people from temptations of engaging in criminal activities. This validates the use of deterrence as the means of punishment for criminal activities in society. On the other hand, retribution indicates an action of repairing or repaying something as price of criminal activities of an individual. Such a punishment makes an individual develop individual responsibility towards social structures and â€Å"keep off† criminal activities. As such, the most effective means of deterring crime is retribution. This is because an individual is subject to payment of the criminal acts. This acts as an effective means of making an individual not to engage in criminal activities. This type of punishment is more significant in cases where the individual commits a crime for the first time than in cases of subsequent crimes. The American society believes in punishment as a consequence of criminal activities. This depicts that people are aware of what kind of punishment they may receive in case they engage in criminal activities. Moreover, retribution provides a means of punishment, which depends on the degree of the crime committed by an individual. Therefore, the punishment administered to the criminal is equivalent to the crime committed and the criminal does not receive excessive or less punishment in comparison to the magnitude of the crime committed. However, in situations where an individual is engaged in multiple crimes and retribution does not prove effective. Such an individual should be subjected to rehabilitation for m of punishment. This is because this form of punishment allows effective cross-examination of the psychological needs and reactions of an individual, which could be the factors, which makes such an individual to engage in criminal activities. After such a cross-examination, an individual is guided under a controlled environment, which allows consistent monitoring of behavior of an individual. This leads to a change in the conduct of an individual in society. Furthermore, rehabilitation provides an opportunity of offering moral education to an individual who is engaged in criminal activities. This may also include provision of vocation training, which equips an individual with skills, which would keep such an individual from engagement in criminal activities, in society. Deterrence is not an effective means of punishment since it leads to the development of fear among individuals, which impacts the decision-making process of individuals in society (Lund, 2002). As such, using deterr ence as a form of punishment would create an American society, which is composed of an element of fear.

Discuss the Iranian Constitutional Revolution's causes and outcomes Essay

Discuss the Iranian Constitutional Revolution's causes and outcomes - Essay Example The Iranian constitutional Revolution of 1906 stands to highlight the pivotal moment, that shaped the formation of the modern Iraq nation. The Iranian society underwent a series of changes that affected its power relations, social structure, and the political language (Campo, 2009:55). In addition, the relentless European penetration into the nation led to its subsequent weakening, affecting the economy as well as the traditional elites thus bringing Iran in the doorsteps of the expanding capitalism system (Afary, Anderson & Foucault, 2005:90). This processes led the country into a change of the constitution. This research paper will analyze the chronology of events that necessitated Iran’s new constitutional dispensation, first the birth of the revolution, secondly the causes of the constitutional revolution and thirdly the outcomes of the constitutional revolution. The itinerary of the revolution To begin with, the itinerary of Iran’s constitutional birth traces back to the days of Qajar regime (Sohrabi, 2011:48). A journey shed new light to the country. It highlighted the role of ordinary citizens, peasantry, the status of women, and the multifaceted structure of the Iranian society, in the course of realizing the new law reforms. As stated earlier in the introduction, the new changes in the military, administrative, educational, and judicial reforms led to emergency of new institutions and a new social stratum of intellectuals. As this seemed not going to end, the simplification of the Persian prose, which aimed at articulating it to a new system of historical narration no longer basing on Muslim, was on its way to change the existing social norms (Daniel, 2000:54). As a reason to this, the dominant Iranian conversation or discourse changed. This discourse, which was the bonding element between state and religion, led to the emergency of new relations of power and knowledge. People shifted away from the use of possessors of knowledge to being spiritualists (Katouzian, 2006:105). They now referred to the religious elites. At this level, it is clear that the country was operating on two different and opposing blocs. Qajar regime tried to create social reforms in the existing institutions. The regime-faced collisions even from clergies who had became an important component of the power bloc. As a result, with each group having its own resolutions and visions, the end was a conflict of interest. This slowed down the pace of reforms. The lag in the realization of reforms increased the dissatisfaction between the merchants and the intellectuals. Consequently, this brought uneasiness to the Qajar’s. At this stage, the merchants and the intellectuals opposed the government’s slow pace because they believed they possessed more revitalized ideas. All those who were for the reforms and those who formed the pact of not in support, ganged up to discredit the government due to its despotism of the state (Sohrabi, 2011:66 ). The aftermath of this was the fight that targeted despotism. This brought together even the opposing forces, which prior had diverse antagonistic demands and aspirations. In this emerging discourse, the political space divided into two (Afary, Anderson & Foucault, 2005:114). There was the state on one side and the antagonistic poles on the other (people and the state). On the side of the, opposing force, only one thing unified them, the defense of their creed (defense of the millat). At this time, there was a radical

Appropriation of The Department of Defense From The Federal Budget Essay

Appropriation of The Department of Defense From The Federal Budget - Essay Example According to the Department of Defense, the Bush administration in the US has fought the war on terror on the offensive to counter any proposed, planned terror attacks and to uproot terror camps in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq. The Defense department has claimed that the US military has been able to remove threats to US security in Afghanistan and Iraq and has liberated 50 million people of these countries. The Defense department has also claimed that it has raised pay levels for US service men and women and the rise in pay levels has been 21% with expanded targeted pays and bonuses. The military personnel and their families are also provided with better services and housing through new constructions and privatization. The defense budget has also shown an increased spending by 26% and this has been able to transform the Nation's defenses with the largest increase in military spending recorded since the Reagan administration. To improve readiness rates, transformational and joi nt training program has also been launched in the defense department with increased research and development funding by 56%. The Defense department has also claimed that there has been doubled investments in missile defense systems and the first ever land and sea based systems have been deployed (provided by the Department of Defense statement, 2005). The US defense agenda thus seems to be based on a war on terror, improving housing quality of military personnel, increased research and development in defense sectors, and increased pay for military personnel. The Department of defense gives further arguments in favour of an increased defense budget since the time of Reagan's presidential administration. According to the Department of Defense, the following reasons of Defense spending have been advanced. According to the Department of Defense, the Bush administration's agenda and defense spending - advances and promotes US' ongoing efforts in the Global War on Terror; provides for $401.7 billion of Defense Department's base budget, and this indicates an annual increase of seven percent, for a total increase in defense spending of 35 percent since 2001; makes considerable progress in transforming the Department to meet new threats and prepared to face new challenges; and continues improvements in the quality of life for US military personnel and their families by providing them with higher pay and better homes. (Department of Defense, 2005) Global war on terror and the need to meet new threats seem to have shaped the defense budget and increased defense spending to a whopping $401.7 billion with an annual increase of 7% and a total increase of as high as 35% since 2001. In comparison, China's Defense budget has also increased from $22 billion to nearly $30 billion in 2005. Thus although US defense spending seems to have shown a steady rise since the September 11 attacks in 2001, China's defense budget has shown drastic increases after 2002. China's defense spending may have been attempting to keep pace with other countries and defense budget has increased by 12.6%. China's defense spending is higher than that of Taiwan, India or South Korea. Although China's defense s

Creative Writing Essay Example for Free

Creative Writing Essay Specific poetic forms have been developed by many cultures. In more developed, closed or received poetic forms, the rhyming scheme, meter and other elements of a poem are based on sets of rules, ranging from the relatively loose rules that govern the construction of an elegy to the highly formalized structure of the ghazal or villanelle. Described below are some common forms of poetry widely used across a number of languages. Additional forms of poetry may be found in the discussions of poetry of particular cultures or periods and in the glossary. Sonnet Among the most common forms of poetry through the ages is the sonnet, which by the 13th century was a poem of fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical structure. By the 14th century, the form further crystallized under the pen of Petrarch, whose sonnets were later translated in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature. A sonnets first four lines typically introduce the topic. A sonnet usually follows an a-b-a-b rhyme pattern. The sonnets conventions have changed over its history, and so there are several different sonnet forms. Traditionally, in sonnets English poets use iambic pentameter, the Spenserian and Shakespearean sonnets being especially notable. In the Romance languages, the hendecasyllable and Alexandrine are the most widely used meters, though the Petrarchan sonnet has been used in Italy since the 14th century. Sonnets are particularly associated with love poetry, and often use a poetic diction heavily based on vivid imagery, but the twists and turns associated with the move from octave to sestet and to final couplet make them a useful and dynamic form for many subjects.] Shakespeares sonnets are among the most famous in English poetry, with 20 being included in the Oxford Book of English Verse. Shi (poetry) Shi (traditional Chinese: è © ©; simplified Chinese: è ¯â€"; pinyin: shÄ «; Wade-Giles: shih) Is the main type of Classical Chinese poetry.Within this form of poetry the most important variations are folk song styled verse (yuefu), old style verse (gushi), modern style verse (jintishi). In all cases, rhyming is obligatory. The Yuefu is a folk ballad or a poem written in the folk ballad style, and the number of lines and the length of the lines could be irregular. For the other variations of shi poetry, generally either a four line (quatrain, or jueju) or else an eight line poem is normal; either way with the even numbered lines rhyming. The line length is scanned by according number of characters (according to the convention that one character equals one syllable), and are predominantly either five or seven characters long, with a caesura before the final three syllables. The lines are generally end-stopped, considered as a series of couplets, and exhibit verbal parallelism as a key poetic device. ]The old style verse (gushi) is less formally strict than the jintishi, or regulated verse, which, despite the name new style verse actually had its theoretical basis laid as far back to Shen Yue, in the 5th or 6th century, although not considered to have reached its full development until the time of Chen Ziang (661-702) A good example of a poet known for his gushi poems is Li Bai. Among its other rules, the jintishi rules regulate the tonal variations within a poem, including the use of set patterns of the four tones of Middle Chinese The basic form of jintishi (lushi) has eight lines in four couplets, with parallelism between the lines in the second and third couplets. The couplets with parallel lines contain contrasting content but an identical grammatical relationship between words. Jintishi often have a rich poetic diction, full of allusion, and can have a wide range of subject, including history and politics. One of the masters of the form was Du Fu, who wrote during the Tang Dynasty (8th century). Villanelle The villanelle is a nineteen-line poem made up of five triplets with a closing quatrain; the poem is characterized by having two refrains, initially used in the first and third lines of the first stanza, and then alternately used at the close of each subsequent stanza until the final quatrain, which is concluded by the two refrains. The remaining lines of the poem have an a-b alternating rhyme.The villanelle has been used regularly in the English language since the late 19th century by such poets as Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden,and Elizabeth Bishop. Tanka Tanka is a form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, with five sections totalling 31 onji (phonological units identical to morae), structured in a 5-7-5 7–7 pattern.There is generally a shift in tone and subject matter between the upper 5-7-5 phrase and the lower 7-7 phrase. Tanka were written as early as the Nara period by such poets as Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, at a time when Japan was emerging from a period where much of its poetry followed Chinese form. Tanka was originally the shorter form of Japanese formal poetry, and was used more heavily to explore personal rather than public themes. By the 13th century, tanka had become the dominant form of Japanese poetry, and it is still widely written today. Haiku Haiku is a popular form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, which evolved in the 17th century from the hokku, or opening verse of a renku. Generally written in a single vertical line, the haiku contains three sections totalling 17 onji, structured in a 5-7-5 pattern. Traditionally, haiku contain a kireji, or cutting word, usually placed at the end of one of the poems three sections, and a kigo, or season-word. The most famous exponent of the haiku was Matsuo BashÃ…  (1644–1694). An example of his writing: Ã¥ ¯Å'Ã¥ £ «Ã£  ®Ã© ¢ ¨Ã£â€šâ€žÃ¦â€°â€¡Ã£  «Ã£  ®Ã£ â€ºÃ£  ¦Ã¦ ±Å¸Ã¦Ë† ¸Ã¥Å"Ÿç” £ fuji no kaze ya oogi ni nosete Edo miyage the wind of Mt. Fuji Ive brought on my fan! a gift from Edo Ode Odes were first developed by poets writing in ancient Greek, such as Pindar, and Latin, such as Horace. Forms of odes appear in many of the cultures that were influenced by the Greeks and Latins.The ode generally has three parts: a strophe, an antistrophe, and an epode. The antistrophes of the ode possess similar metrical structures and, depending on the tradition, similar rhyme structures. In contrast, the epode is written with a different scheme and structure. Odes have a formal poetic diction, and generally deal with a serious subject. The strophe and antistrophe look at the subject from different, often conflicting, perspectives, with the epode moving to a higher level to either view or resolve the underlying issues. Odes are often intended to be recited or sung by two choruses (or individuals), with the first reciting the strophe, the second the antistrophe, and both together the epode.Over time, differing forms for odes have developed with considerable variations in form and structure, but generally showing the original influence of the Pindaric or Horatian ode. One non-Western form which resembles the ode is the qasida in Persian poetry. Ghazal The ghazal (also ghazel, gazel, gazal, or gozol) is a form of poetry common in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Urdu and Bengali poetry. In classic form, the ghazal has from five to fifteen rhyming couplets that share a refrain at the end of the second line. This refrain may be of one or several syllables, and is preceded by a rhyme. Each line has an identical meter. The ghazal often reflects on a theme of unattainable love or divinity. As with other forms with a long history in many languages, many variations have been developed, including forms with a quasi-musical poetic diction in Urdu. Ghazals have a classical affinity with Sufism, and a number of major Sufi religious works are written in ghazal form. The relatively steady meter and the use of the refrain produce an incantatory effect, which complements Sufi mystical themes well. Among the masters of the form is Rumi, a 13th-century Persian poet who lived in Konya, in present-day Turkey. Genres In addition to specific forms of poems, poetry is often thought of in terms of different genres and subgenres. A poetic genre is generally a tradition or classification of poetry based on the subject matter, style, or other broader literary characteristics. Some commentators view genres as natural forms of literature. Others view the study of genres as the study of how different works relate and refer to other works. Narrative poetry Narrative poetry is a genre of poetry that tells a story. Broadly it subsumes epic poetry, but the term narrative poetry is often reserved for smaller works, generally with more appeal to human interest. Narrative poetry may be the oldest type of poetry. Many scholars of Homer have concluded that his Iliad and Odyssey were composed from compilations of shorter narrative poems that related individual episodes. Much narrative poetry—such as Scottish and English ballads, and Baltic and Slavic heroic poems—is performance poetry with roots in a preliterate oral tradition. It has been speculated that some features that distinguish poetry from prose, such as meter, alliteration and kennings, once served as memory aids for bards who recited traditional tales. Notable narrative poets have included Ovid, Dante, Juan Ruiz, Chaucer, William Langland, Luà ­s de Camà µes, Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, Robert Burns, Fernando de Rojas, Adam Mickiewicz, Alexander Pushkin, Edgar Allan P oe and Alfred Tennyson. Epic poetry Epic poetry is a genre of poetry, and a major form of narrative literature. This genre is often defined as lengthy poems concerning events of a heroic or important nature to the culture of the time. It recounts, in a continuous narrative, the life and works of a heroic or mythological person or group of persons.] Examples of epic poems are Homers Iliad and Odyssey, Virgils Aeneid, the Nibelungenlied, Luà ­s de Camà µes Os Lusà ­adas, the Cantar de Mio Cid, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Mahabharata, Valmikis Ramayana, Ferdowsis Shahnama, Nizami (or Nezami)s Khamse (Five Books), and the Epic of King Gesar. While the composition of epic poetry, and of long poems generally, became less common in the west after the early 20th century, some notable epics have continued to be written. Derek Walcott won a Nobel prize to a great extent on the basis of his epic, Omeros. Verse drama and dramatic verse, Theatre of ancient Greece, Sanskrit drama, Chinese Opera, and Noh Dramatic poetry is drama written in verse to be spoken or sung, and appears in varying, sometimes related forms in many cultures. Greek tragedy in verse dates to the 6th century B.C., and may have been an influence on the development of Sanskrit drama, just as Indian drama in turn appears to have influenced the development of the bianwen verse dramas in China, forerunners of Chinese Opera.East Asian verse dramas also include Japanese Noh. Examples of dramatic poetry in Persian literature include Nizamis two famous dramatic works, Layla and Majnun and Khosrow and Shirin, Ferdowsis tragedies such as Rostam and Sohrab, Rumis Masnavi, Gorganis tragedy of Vis and Ramin, and Vahshis tragedy of Farhad. Satirical Poetry Poetry can be a powerful vehicle for satire. The Romans had a strong tradition of satirical poetry, often written for political purposes. A notable example is the Roman poet Juvenals satires.[128] The same is true of the English satirical tradition. John Dryden (a Tory), the first Poet Laureate, produced in 1682 Mac Flecknoe, subtitled A Satire on the True Blue Protestant Poet, T.S. (a reference to Thomas Shadwell).Another master of 17th-century English satirical poetry was John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester.Satirical poets outside England include Polands Ignacy Krasicki, Azerbaijans Sabir and Portugals Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage. Lyric poetry Lyric poetry is a genre that, unlike epic and dramatic poetry, does not attempt to tell a story but instead is of a more personal nature. Poems in this genre tend to be shorter, melodic, and contemplative. Rather than depicting characters and actions, it portrays the poets own feelings, states of mind, and perceptions.Notable poets in this genre include John Donne, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and Antonio Machado. Elegy An elegy is a mournful, melancholy or plaintive poem, especially a lament for the dead or a funeral song. The term elegy, which originally denoted a type of poetic meter (elegiac meter), commonly describes a poem of mourning. An elegy may also reflect something that seems to the author to be strange or mysterious. The elegy, as a reflection on a death, on a sorrow more generally, or on something mysterious, may be classified as a form of lyric poetry. Notable practitioners of elegiac poetry have included Propertius, Jorge Manrique, Jan Kochanowski, Chidiock Tichborne, Edmund Spenser, Ben Jonson, John Milton, Thomas Gray, Charlotte Turner Smith, William Cullen Bryant, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Evgeny Baratynsky, Alfred Tennyson, Walt Whitman, Louis Gallet, Antonio Machado, Juan Ramà ³n Jimà ©nez, William Butler Yeats, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Virginia Woolf. Fable The fable is an ancient literary genre, often (though not invariably) set in verse. It is a succinct story that features anthropomorphized animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that illustrate a moral lesson (a moral). Verse fables have used a variety of meter and rhyme patterns. Notable verse fabulists have included Aesop, Vishnu Sarma, Phaedrus, Marie de France, Robert Henryson, Biernat of Lublin, Jean de La Fontaine, Ignacy Krasicki, Fà ©lix Marà ­a de Samaniego, Tomà ¡s de Iriarte, Ivan Krylov and Ambrose Bierce. Prose poetry Prose poetry is a hybrid genre that shows attributes of both prose and poetry. It may be indistinguishable from the micro-story (a.k.a. the short short story, flash fiction). While some examples of earlier prose strike modern readers as poetic, prose poetry is commonly regarded as having originated in 19th-century France, where its practitioners included Aloysius Bertrand, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stà ©phane Mallarmà ©.Since the late 1980s especially, prose poetry has gained increasing popularity, with entire journals, such as The Prose Poem: An International Journal,Contemporary Haibun Onlinedevoted to that genre. Speculative poetry Speculative poetry, also known as fantastic poetry, (of which weird or macabre poetry is a major subclassification), is a poetic genre which deals thematically with subjects which are beyond reality, whether via extrapolation as in science fiction or via weird and horrific themes as in horror fiction. Such poetry appears regularly in modern science fiction and horror fiction magazines. Edgar Allan Poe is sometimes seen as the father of speculative poetry.

Impact of HIH Collapse

Impact of HIH Collapse The March 2001 collapse of HIH Insurance sent shockwaves through the Australian business community. The country’s second-largest employer, HIH was at the tail-end of a major acquisition spree that had seen the company purchase major insurance operations in New Zealand, Argentina, Switzerland and the US since 1997. Most significantly, in 1999 HIH had purchased one of its main competitors, FAI Insurance, taking on that company’s chief executive Rodney Adler as one of its corporate directors. With an estimated $8.1bn asset base at the end of 2000, HIH was widely perceived as an extremely robust and reliable company; however, private internal reports had begun to demonstrate that the company’s debt leverage and insurance liabilities were so high that there was a real risk of insolvency. Ultimately, in early 2001 the company’s precarious financial situation became untenable and HIH endured the largest corporate collapse in Australian history, going down with lo sses of more than $5bn. With the company continuing to function purely so as to service old claims, with no new business being taken onboard, Australia’s financial regulators set out to determine the precise chain of events that had led to the HIH collapse. (M. Westfield. 2003) A Royal commission, examined the chain of events that led to the collapse of HIH. Reporting in April 2003, the commission found that there wasnt just a single cause of the company’s collapse. But that there was systematic failure in almost every area of its operation (hihroyalcom.gov.au 2003), and the extent of this failure was so great that criminal charges were brought against key members of the company’s board such as William Howard, Ray Williams, Geoffrey Cohen and Rodney Adler. (ASIC 2005) In particular, Rodney Adler was convicted on four separate charges: one count of obtaining money by deception; one count of dishonesty in the discharge of his duties; and two counts of intentionally disseminating false information. In particular, Adler was found to have falsely claimed, in a number of interviews, that he had personally purchased HIH shares in mid-2000. (D. Elias .2005)ÂÂ   By making such claims, and specifically by claiming that HIH is undervalued in terms o f its share price, Adler was guilty of willfully disseminating financial information that they knew, or had good reason to know, was false. However, there were separate calls for an inquiry into how HIH’s corporate governance systems had failed to prevent Adler abusing his position in such a manner. In a separate claim, Adler was accused of persuading HIH to invest a $2m loan in Business Thinking Systems (BTS), a company in which Adler had an interest.(Karen Percy 2005) The other major failing identified in the downfall of HIH was a failure to provide properly for future claims, and all other problems essentially stemmed from this issue. Covering future claims is one of the most fundamental aspects of any insurance company’s business, yet by the end of its existence HIH was in a position where a negative shift of as little as 1.7% would be enough to bring the company to the point of insolvency(M Westfield,2003) . The primary reason for this failure was reported to be a mismanagement of changing market conditions, which increased HIH’s liabilities massively and were not covered by strategic planning initiatives that might have been expected to absorb such changes. Changing market conditions can cause serious destabilization for any insurance company, but the risks are well-known and most companies take extra care in order to minimize their exposure to such changes. The fact that HIH dramatically over-exposed itself was for the most part due to the company’s extremely rapid expansion (Brendan Bailey 2003).As noted earlier, HIH acquired a number of companies during its final years and was making a major push for international expansion. Such expansion, while often a strong business move, often brings greater liabilities than would otherwise be the case, and HIH appears to have acted based on the belief that the liabilities would merely be proportional to its expansion. The company appears to have fundamentally misunderstood the degree to which extra provisions need to be made for changes in its market environment. This is a major mistake that could in my opinion, if addressed at the time, have been resolved. The fact that the board of HIH apparently went unchallenged when pursuing this strategy shows that there was a failure of governance at HIH, with no real oversight being applied to check whether the company’s strategy was correct or financial sustainable. In the aftermath of the HIH collapse, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) made a number of changes to ensure that the same problem could not be repeated. In particular, ASIC inaugurated a strict new set of corporate governance rules designed to ensure that companies stay closer to the regulations in this area. ASIC acted on the belief that the core governance procedures and rules were fundamentally sound during HIH’s final months, but that ultimately the company’s board was able to find ways to achieve technical compliance while still engaging in the kind of activity that the regulations were designed to prevent.(ASIC 2003) In my opinion this can be seen as a failure of the regulations as much as a failure of the company, although clearly it was the decision of individuals such as Adler to deliberately move against these regulations that led to the company’s downfall because there was no proper oversight on the actions of the board. Howeve r Adler and other members of the HIH board were in no way induced or encouraged to act in the way that they did. Rather, they chose to go against the spirit of the rules and act in a manner that was clearly against the best interests of the company. Ultimately, it’s clear that HIH should have been much more cautious when pursuing its expansion, and should have taken greater steps to ensure that its liabilities were covered. By expanding so rapidly, the company was entering markets in which it had little or no experience, yet no provision appears to have been made for the need to leave extra margins while entering these new markets. This is clearly a case of major mismanagement and of over-confidence during a period of major expansion. These problems were increased, by the company’s reaction to its bad financial position, and particularly by Rodney Adler’s decision to attempt to secure investment based on false statements. Even when the company’s enhanced liability was made apparent, in my opinion there still could have been a chance for HIH to recover by introducing a major cost-cutting program and ensuring that future operations would eventually make up for the losses. Adler chose to try to cover up the financial problems in the short-term and hope that his misstatements might ultimately bring the company back onto a strong financial footing that would allow it to cover over his mismanagement so that it would never become public. This approach by Adler was designed to fix the initial over-expansion error, but actually compounded that problem and represented a second serious mistake. The fact that the regulatory authorities were unaware of what was happening in my opinion does not indicate major problems with those authorities, since any company that engages in the level of deception orchestrated at HIH will always have a chance of getting past the rules. Although lessons can be learnt, particularly in terms of the apparently concentration of power in Adler’s hands, there’s clearly a limit to the ability of regulatory groups to cover companies where the directors set out on a determined path to commit fraud and to mislead observers. Although this does not mean that the authorities should not be vigilant, it’s clear that in the case of HIH, ensuring full and proper punishment for Adler and other executives in the aftermath of the collapse, as a warning to others, was in my opinion one of the best options. Bibliography Amerta Mardjono (2005). A tale of corporate governance: lessons why firms fail. Managerial Auditing Journal, vol. 20, no. 3 p. 272-283 ASIC (2003). Current corporate governance issues an ASIC perspective. Retrieved from http://www.asic.gov.au/asic/pdflib.nsf/LookupByFileName/nt_busprof_women_corp_gov190903.pdf/$file/nt_busprof_women_corp_gov190903.pdf on the 06.04.2010 Brendan Bailey (2003). Report of the Royal Commission into HIH Insurance. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/library/Pubs/RN/2002-03/03rn32.htm on the 07.04.2010 David Elias (2005). Adler guilty on 4 charges. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Adler-guilty-on-4-charges /2005/ 02/16/ 1108500154731.html on the 03.04.2010 on the 04.04.2010 David Kehl (2001). HIH Insurance Group Collapse. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/library/INTGUIDE/econ/hih_insurance.htm on the 30.03.2010 hihroyalcom.gov.au (2003). The failure of HIH insurance. Retrieved from http://www.hihroyalcom.gov.au/finalreport/Front%20Matter,%20critical%20assessment%20and%20summary.HTML#_Toc37086537 on the 05.04.2010 Karen Percy (2005). Rodney Adler receives prison sentence. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2005/s1345296.htm on the 07.04.2010 M .Westfield , (2003) HIH: The Inside Story of Australia’s Biggest Corporate Collapse. Sydney: John Wiley Sons Australia, Philomena Leung Barry.J. Cooper (2005). The Mad Hatter’s corporate tea party. Managing Auditing Journal, vol. 18, no. 6/7 p. 505-516

Conflict In Cairngorms National Park Environmental Sciences Essay

Conflict In Cairngorms National Park Environmental Sciences Essay The Cairngorms National Park is the largest in the UK which covers 3800 sq. m. area. It has typical natural environment, cultural heritage and local communities and also included eight different natural reserves. It has wild lands, moorlands, forests, rivers, lochs and glens. The national park has Scotlands five highest mountains. The majority area of the forest in the park is covered by pine. Spey, Dee and Don Valleys are found in lowland areas from where rivers, lochs and marshes are originated. This park has provided home for 16000 people and 25% of the UKs threatened wildlife species. Aviemore, Ballater, Braemar, Grantowin, Kingussie, Newtonmore and Tomintoul are populated areas in the park. The park is one of the renowned outdoor recreational sites in the world. Visitors are allowed to visit the park by walking, wheelchair, horse, bicycle and boating. They can enjoy in golfing, fishing, cycling, hill walking, skiing and deer hunting. The Cairngorms mountain area was listed as national park in 2003.It provides conservation site for pine, recreational purposes such as tourism development and deer hunting sites. The land area in the national park is occupied by certain land owner and the area is call as states. Due to the difference interest of the land owner there are conflicts in the land management. The Forestry Commission has major role and also responsibility to conserve the forest of the national park. The Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) has major role in management of Cairngorms which supports fund for overall management and conservation of the national park. Due to gradual change in land used pattern natural ecosystem has changed into cropland, pasture land, tree plantation, timber harvesting and urbanisation. The river Dee is major source of drinking water supply in Aberdeen which is originated from Cairngorm Mountain. The land management system of Deeside is divided into woodland, agriculture land, heather and forest. The woodland of the Deeside has owned by landlords or estate. Most of the forest in Cairngorms have owned privately, which are Balmoral estate and Glen Tanar. The Balmoral estate is owned and funded by the British Royal Family. The aim of the Balmoral estate is for conservation of natural environment, deer hunting and farming. The Royal Family and their guests visit the Balmoral estate for recreation. During the time they enjoy with deer shooting. Similarly, Glen Tanar was the property of a single person from Manchester in parts but now the ownership has shared with other people. The main focus of the Glen Tanar is to conserve the natural Scot pines for timber production and salmon fishing in river Dee. Several conflicts due to human activities regarding land use pattern, biodiversity conservation, aquatic habitat, landscape in Cairngorms have been found. Major conflicts are given below Conflict between Pine Forest and Deer Management Balmoral estate and Glen Tanar have the same boarder. Each of the area has its own objective. Conservation of dear for hunting is the main objective of Balmoral estate and the conservation of Scot pine is the objective of Glen Tanar. The deer graze the young shoots of the pine which is nutritious for the deer. The grazing of the pine shoot by the dear is major conflict in Glen Tanar. This is the main problem for pine regeneration and deer management in the Cairngorms area. Similarly, pine forest is natural habitat of a bird called capercaillie. The bird has poor sight and low flying. The birds select the habitat of pine trees for feed, nesting and check rearing. The estate has constructed the fence to protect the pine from the grazing of the deer block the movement of the bird and decree the population of birds. Forestry Ownership There is conflict between forest ownership and forest management sectors. Scottish Natural Heritage supports partial fund for conservation of cultural heritages of the estates. The woodland are managed by traditional estates .The private forest owners are not giving proper attention to manage wildlife and natural environment. Forestry Commission has taken the responsibility for conservation and regeneration of the forest. Overgrazing of deer and sheep in upland area of the mountain also related with the conflict to wildlife and forest conservation. Impact on Biodiversity The land owners who managed the private forest sell their woods which cause loss of biodiversity. Agriculture The owners have planted trees and they used agrochemicals which caused pollution in the River Dee .The pollution affects the salmon population in the river. Recreation Some parts of the Deeside are selected to manage salmon fishing and hunting of grouse and deer. Heather and birches, fishing, skiing are beneficial for tourism. But the skiing caused change in land use and also affects the hill birds and ecology. Similarly, cycling, dog walking, hill walking, climbing are also responsible for conflict in local area. Conclusion The Cairngorms National Park has high value for natural and environmental concerns. Different issues related to conflict are still found in the national park areas. There is conflict between deer grazing and forest ownership, utilization of forest resources and land ownership land management. There is necessary to find the root causes of the conflict among the stakeholders to improve the environmental quality of the park.

Elements of Poetry and Essay Writing :: Education, Writing

I was surprised to find that I could use so many of the techniques that poets use in writing my own essays. For example, by choosing certain words, I can set the tone for the essay and demonstrate certain attitudes. Also, I can take advantage of several technical methods, such as abstractions, assonance, and figures of speech to make an essay more interesting. Further, I think it is important to try and understand the poets meaning behind their word choice. After analyzing the poems of John Donne, Anne Bradstreet, and Robert Frost, I will discuss how I think certain elements can be used in my own writing. Anne Bradstreet used words such as â€Å"loved†, â€Å"happy†, and â€Å"reward† to set a positive tone (963). The author’s attitude came across as grateful and appreciative. In contrast, Robert Frost chose to use words such as â€Å"perish†, â€Å"hate†, and â€Å"destruction†, which displayed a negative tone and attitude (1009). I never really gave this much consideration before, but I think I could use this technique in the future. By choosing the correct words, I can make sure the readers are interpreting my writing as I mean it to come across. I also discovered several technical methods that can be used in my essay writing. This is another area that I never really paid attention to. Sure, I have used some of them, but never knew what they were called or understood the full effect of them. Abstractions and several figures of speech were amongst some of the methods that were found. For example, â€Å"Batter my heart, three-personed God† (Doone 988), â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† (Bradstreet 963), and â€Å"Fire and Ice† (Frost 1009), abstractions were used. Abstractions are words that we use to describe something that has no concrete reality (Charters 787). For example, in Doone’s poem, the author used words such as â€Å"weak† and â€Å"untrue† (989). Bradstreet also used this technique by using the word â€Å"love† (963). And finally, Frost’s word choice was cleverly utilized with using â€Å"desire† and â€Å"hate† (1009). These are also considered examples of figurative speech in that they use simile or metaphor in describing the subject (Charters 795). I feel by taking advantage of some of these techniques, I can make my essays more interesting for readers. To add, I found several figures of speech techniques such as metonymy, apostrophe, hyperbole and symbols were used in Anne Bradstreet’s poem â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† (963).

Chromatography Essay examples -- essays research papers

Chromatography is a separation technique in which the mixture to be separated is dissolved in a solvent and the resulting solution, often called the mobile phase, is then passed through or over another material, the stationary phase. The separation of the original mixture depends on how strongly each component is attracted to the stationary phase. Substances that are attracted strongly to the stationary phase will be retarded and not move alone with the mobile phase. Weakly attracted substances will move more rapidly with the mobile phase.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liquid chromatography is an analytical technique that is useful for separating ions or molecules that are dissolved in a liquid phase. If the sample solution is in contact with a second solid or liquid phase, the different solutes will interact with the other phase to differing degrees due to differences in adsorption, ionic strength, polarity or size. These differences allow the mixture components to be separated from each other by using these differences to determine the transit time of the solutes through a column.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simple liquid chromatography consists of a column with a fritted bottom that holds a stationary phase in equilibrium with a solvent. Typical stationary phases (and their interactions with solutes) are: solids (adsorption), ionic groups on a resin (ion-exchange), liquids on an inert solid support (partitioning), and porous inert particles (size exclusion). The mixtur...

Surf Lifesaving Memorial

P1 †¢ Surf Life Saving Memorial Task To develop a memorial for the men and women contributing to the surf lifesaving association and culture Analysis of the siteBasic inspirations 1: Rolling swell 2: SLS primary colours3: â€Å"all seeing mentality† 1: Rolling swell 2: SLS primary colours3: â€Å"all seeing mentality† The proposed site is located at main beach and runs parallel to the Southport surf lifesaving club. Site dimensions equate to approximately 30 meters squared (5m by 6m). There are two walking paths positioned parallel to the northern and western borders.There is also a fence on the eastern border and a large pandanus tree just south of the site. The proposed site is located at main beach and runs parallel to the Southport surf lifesaving club. Site dimensions equate to approximately 30 meters squared (5m by 6m). There are two walking paths positioned parallel to the northern and western borders. There is also a fence on the eastern border and a large pandanus tree just south of the site. Design statement My design revolves around an â€Å"all seeing† mentality that is often associated with the SLS culture.Surf lifesavers protect people from the oceans unpredictable qualities and create a sense of security for beach goers. Watchful eyes ensure that nobody enjoying the wonders of a beach has to deal with dangerous or life threatening situations. As I progressed through my design I intended to keep this in mind at all times. The whole structure, excluding the metal support poles, will be constructed out of thick coloured sheets of soda lime glass. This particular type of glass was chosen due to the malleable and durable qualities that it offers.The centre piece will be a hollow and transparent piece of ocean blue glass. The top surface will be glass blown in accordance to the disks at either end of the design and will resemble the motion of rolling swells. All four glass disks will be identical in form but vary between yello w and red in colouration. The colouring of this design was chosen to commemorate surf lifesavers in a literal sense. Red and yellow to match the organizations primary colours and blue like the ocean.However, the symbolic meaning behind this design is far more potent and should evoke a strong feeling of security in those who view and consider the actual meaning of my memorial. The disk at the back will be used to look through and the three disks at the front will create a panoramic outlook onto Southports beachfront. This will metaphorically let people see â€Å"through a surf lifesavers eyes† and should remind observers that they are safe at the hands of lifesavers. Keeping an eye on the beach is a fundamental aspect of SLS and my design symbolically mirrors this important temperament.Plasticine models Figure 1. 1 Figure 1. 2 Figure 1. 3 Figure 1. 4 Design process The plasticene models shown on the previous page are an ordered process of my design. Figure 1. 1 was my initial concept and as you can see it incorperated the idea of an â€Å"all seeing metality† (two cylindrical shapes stemming off of an all seeing eye. ) This concept was discarded due to apprehensions regarding the eye.Although the eye and two viewing cylinders do commemorate surf lifesavers, I came to the conclusion that the design did not symbolically embody surf lifesavers. In Figure 1. 2 I was leaning more towards the idea of the ocean as well as an â€Å"all seeing mentality†. The wave was again a representation of SLS that is too literal. Figure 1. 3 was where my final design started to come together, the concept of an enclosed glass structure started to take form and the intention behind this design was ultimately to give people a view through â€Å"a surf life savers eyes†.By the time I had made my fourth and final model (Figure 1. 4) It can be seen that the shape and form were very similar to my final concept sketches and computer generated proposals. Technic al drawings with dimenentions Figure 2. 1 Figure 2. 1 Figure 2. 1 Figure 3. 2 Figure 3. 2 Figure 3. 1 Figure 3. 1 In figure 2. 1 there is a picture of a human placed next to the front and side projections. This gives us an idea of scale in regards to design size. The proposal is 2000 mm In height and 5000mm in length.From the human scale we can see that the viewing disk at the back of the design will be at eye level for most average heighted people. This is a key design feature considering the whole purpose of the proposal is to let people view the beach through the glass design. Figure 3. 2 is a rendered image taken from the back end of my design, it’s an interesting image in the sense that it actually gives us an idea of what it would look like to look through my proposal, the only difference being that one would see Southports beachfront as a background rather than an autodesk inventor background.Figure 3. 2 is a rendered image taken from the back end of my design, it†™s an interesting image in the sense that it actually gives us an idea of what it would look like to look through my proposal, the only difference being that one would see Southports beachfront as a background rather than an autodesk inventor background. Figure 3. 1 is a rendered image of the front end of my design in a perspective view. Figure 3. 1 is a rendered image of the front end of my design in a perspective view. Figure 3. Figur Development sketches (journal work) Additional rendered images Surf Lifesaving Memorial P1 †¢ Surf Life Saving Memorial Task To develop a memorial for the men and women contributing to the surf lifesaving association and culture Analysis of the siteBasic inspirations 1: Rolling swell 2: SLS primary colours3: â€Å"all seeing mentality† 1: Rolling swell 2: SLS primary colours3: â€Å"all seeing mentality† The proposed site is located at main beach and runs parallel to the Southport surf lifesaving club. Site dimensions equate to approximately 30 meters squared (5m by 6m). There are two walking paths positioned parallel to the northern and western borders.There is also a fence on the eastern border and a large pandanus tree just south of the site. The proposed site is located at main beach and runs parallel to the Southport surf lifesaving club. Site dimensions equate to approximately 30 meters squared (5m by 6m). There are two walking paths positioned parallel to the northern and western borders. There is also a fence on the eastern border and a large pandanus tree just south of the site. Design statement My design revolves around an â€Å"all seeing† mentality that is often associated with the SLS culture.Surf lifesavers protect people from the oceans unpredictable qualities and create a sense of security for beach goers. Watchful eyes ensure that nobody enjoying the wonders of a beach has to deal with dangerous or life threatening situations. As I progressed through my design I intended to keep this in mind at all times. The whole structure, excluding the metal support poles, will be constructed out of thick coloured sheets of soda lime glass. This particular type of glass was chosen due to the malleable and durable qualities that it offers.The centre piece will be a hollow and transparent piece of ocean blue glass. The top surface will be glass blown in accordance to the disks at either end of the design and will resemble the motion of rolling swells. All four glass disks will be identical in form but vary between yello w and red in colouration. The colouring of this design was chosen to commemorate surf lifesavers in a literal sense. Red and yellow to match the organizations primary colours and blue like the ocean.However, the symbolic meaning behind this design is far more potent and should evoke a strong feeling of security in those who view and consider the actual meaning of my memorial. The disk at the back will be used to look through and the three disks at the front will create a panoramic outlook onto Southports beachfront. This will metaphorically let people see â€Å"through a surf lifesavers eyes† and should remind observers that they are safe at the hands of lifesavers. Keeping an eye on the beach is a fundamental aspect of SLS and my design symbolically mirrors this important temperament.Plasticine models Figure 1. 1 Figure 1. 2 Figure 1. 3 Figure 1. 4 Design process The plasticene models shown on the previous page are an ordered process of my design. Figure 1. 1 was my initial concept and as you can see it incorperated the idea of an â€Å"all seeing metality† (two cylindrical shapes stemming off of an all seeing eye. ) This concept was discarded due to apprehensions regarding the eye.Although the eye and two viewing cylinders do commemorate surf lifesavers, I came to the conclusion that the design did not symbolically embody surf lifesavers. In Figure 1. 2 I was leaning more towards the idea of the ocean as well as an â€Å"all seeing mentality†. The wave was again a representation of SLS that is too literal. Figure 1. 3 was where my final design started to come together, the concept of an enclosed glass structure started to take form and the intention behind this design was ultimately to give people a view through â€Å"a surf life savers eyes†.By the time I had made my fourth and final model (Figure 1. 4) It can be seen that the shape and form were very similar to my final concept sketches and computer generated proposals. Technic al drawings with dimenentions Figure 2. 1 Figure 2. 1 Figure 2. 1 Figure 3. 2 Figure 3. 2 Figure 3. 1 Figure 3. 1 In figure 2. 1 there is a picture of a human placed next to the front and side projections. This gives us an idea of scale in regards to design size. The proposal is 2000 mm In height and 5000mm in length.From the human scale we can see that the viewing disk at the back of the design will be at eye level for most average heighted people. This is a key design feature considering the whole purpose of the proposal is to let people view the beach through the glass design. Figure 3. 2 is a rendered image taken from the back end of my design, it’s an interesting image in the sense that it actually gives us an idea of what it would look like to look through my proposal, the only difference being that one would see Southports beachfront as a background rather than an autodesk inventor background.Figure 3. 2 is a rendered image taken from the back end of my design, it†™s an interesting image in the sense that it actually gives us an idea of what it would look like to look through my proposal, the only difference being that one would see Southports beachfront as a background rather than an autodesk inventor background. Figure 3. 1 is a rendered image of the front end of my design in a perspective view. Figure 3. 1 is a rendered image of the front end of my design in a perspective view. Figure 3. Figur Development sketches (journal work) Additional rendered images

Critical reflection essay Essay

slender contemplation whitethorn be defined as analysing, observing, questioning of assumptions and containing through experience. over life-sustaining denunciation is survey upon at either clock by most good subscribe to on a periodical basis. preponderantly blame is get dressede when an error has occurred. Whether it be reflecting on a personal relationship, work, family or charge Critical Reflection vituperative denunciation closely ones upbringing. treat professionals ar required to critic bothy reflect at all times so to overhaul them learn from their mistakes, be empowered, keep positive work undifferentiated and importantly to tolerate the best attending attainable to all their patients. There be a number of putzs available to help suck ins and midwives through this process.Most treat professionals abide faced some sort of negativity, mistakes by others or themselves sometime in their profession. Critical reflection is an important process for nur ses to be able to non only deal with these functions except to help them learn and drive from them so if they ever face a similar military post they argon provide with the advanced experience and tool. One tool that is available to nursing professionals, for their captious reflection process, is the Gibbs Reflective Cycle.The Gibbs Reflective Cycle consists kickoff off of the description of what happened embraceed by the feeling on the situation, evaluation of the experience, analysis, conclusion and lastly the follow up plan if a similar situation occurred (Dempsey and Wilson, 2010). Although the critical reflection process may seem simple it may be in depth depending on the situation at hand. Lucas (2012) states that many askiness dont understand the concept, process and immensity of critical reflection and may not take the time to think somewhat and utilise the critical reflection tools such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Gibbs Reflective Cycle.Williams (n.d.) writes that critical reflection is well processed by students in theory just now when it comes to actioning it in their mulish it is often not done in the right way or order. The career expectancy of indigenous people in Australia is 12 years less than non-indigenous people meaning that critical reflection tools may need a change and on that point has been a wide curricular reform in medical education (Ewen, Mazel and Knoche, 2011). clinical reflection in clinical system is the best way to learn for nursing students (Henderson, 2011).Change is happening at all times. Change is happening to social, structural and policy-making issues and with this health professionals need to always critically reflect with the demands of society and the growing universe of discourse of the world (Bowden, n.d.). It is highly important for nurses to critically reflect on a day-to-day basis because their patient and situation vary. asunder from doctors, nurses administer all medications and thu s select to exhaust a gravid reflection tool so to enhance their k at one timeledge and understanding as to not practise any errors. Reflection is key for nursing professionals not only because they exit provide the best care possible but also for the nurses own peace of hear so they can begin a great balance in their family line and work domains. In Australia there are policy and procedure regulators for nursing professionals. inscribe of Ethics for Nurses in Australia rotarys the standards for human rights, world(prenominal) covenant on economic, social and ethnical rights and international covenant on well-bred and political rights. Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia Supports the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia who set the standards for the way professional nurses are to pep up their profession within and alfresco their domains. National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse sets standards to the regulatory framework to help nurses an d midwives achieve equal and safe care. Nursing professionals have to follow policies and procedures at all times in their work thus the importance of critical reflection. ConclusionIn conclusion, the evidence to critically reflect is overwhelming. Nursing professionals are pass judgment to provide the best care possible because the public innately entrust in them. Although critical reflection is a natural process in most peoples thought process, there are tools available that will aid in the reflection process, such as The Gibbs Reflective Cycle. It can now be identified how important it is to critically reflect, for nurses, because patients lives are usually in the workforce of the nurses who look after them. Government bodies set the standards for all nurses and midwives in the way they should advocate their profession, care for their patients and importantly for nurses to have the right education and learning strategies. ReflectionResearching for this hear has made me appre ciate nursing professionals more(prenominal) than I already had. I rightfully now understand the importance of critical reflection. Before I started the Bachelor of Nursing degree, I thought my studies would predominantly be about how to slap on a band aid, heal wounds and learn about rules and regulations but now I have realised that it takes a whole lot more to be a great nurse. We not only need to learn the practical side of nursing but more importantly be emotionally ready to become a registered nurse or midwife.I have read so many articles and books for this essay and it makes me even more proud to become a nurse and one day my moon of becoming a midwife. I am 28 years old and am at university for the first time in my life. I was scared when I first started university but now I have been reassured that I am on the right path and am precise excited for my future and what it may bring.

Character Motivations in Antigone Essay

The main characters in Sophocles drama, Antig matchless, argon Antigone herself, the plays tragic heroine and Antigones uncle and King of Thebes, Creon. Both characters are conventionalityd by powerful motivations and beliefs however, they differ from one character to the next. Antigones motivation is hit the hay for her family- she puts it supra all else. In fact, she is willing to sacrifice her demeanor to defend that love.Antigone goes to great lengths to bury her deceased br separate, who match to an edict issued by King Creon, blendd in dishonor, therefore making it illegal for any(prenominal)one to bury his body. Through her actions to stick to with her motivations, it is revealed that Antigones actions are also fueled by her strong beliefs that, first, the gods laws are more powerful than any law made by man, and second, that it is better to die a heroic goal than a fainthearted one.Throughout the play, Antigone stands firm on these beliefs by stand up up for them flush so through her death as demonstrated through the following dialogue in which she admits her crime, and voices her beliefs to Creon It was non Zeus who published this decree, nor own the powers who rule among the dead imposed such laws as this upon universe nor could I think that a decree of yours- A man- could override the laws of heaven unwritten and unchangingFor me to partake this doom (death) is little grief But when my receives son lay dead, had I omit him and left him there un hide, That would have caused me grief this causes me none (437-459). This scene illustrates the essence of Antigones character. Shes defend her crime of burying her brother, gum olibanum demonstrating that she is motivated by the love that she has for her family.Shes further justifying her act by stating that Creons law is not the law that she feels she must adhere to- she follows the gods laws, another one of her guiding beliefs, and finally, shes not only accepting her impending doom, ju st now actually welcoming it because shes dying support her beliefs, therefore dying a heroic death rather than dying in cowardice. On the other hand, Creon is also motivated by love however, his love is love for his country, rather than his family. He puts country preceding(prenominal) all else, including his family- hes willing to do whatever he needs to do to defend sure that Thebes remains powerful. In order to get hold of this goal he demands loyalty from his subjects, once again, family include he rules by intimidation, and is very proud. In fact, pride is another one of his major motivations. For these reasons, his character is a feared leader.First of all, the fact that he issues that his nephew cannot be buried shows that- one, he demands loyalty, even over loyalty to the gods, and two, he defends his country over his family. He continues displaying his beliefs when he doesnt revoke the edict even after his wife, and niece understandably disagree with it. Creons pride c ontinues to take spring when he begins falsely accusing his subjects, and acting headlong with little thought. Creons character, while a mixed character is strongly represented in often of his dialogue, perhaps this passage of dialogue between Creon and the prophet Teiresias best captures his essence. Sir, all of you, like bowmen at a target, let fly your shafts at me. Now they have turned even diviners on me By that kindred I am bought and sold and stowed away on board.Go, make your profits, drive your trade in Lydian currency or in Indian gold, but him you shall not bury in a tomb, no, not though Zeus own eagles eat the corpse and give the carrion to their masters throne Not even so, for fear of that haze overment, will I permit his burial-for well(p) I know that mortal man cannot defile the gods (994-1006). Through this single quote, Creon demonstrates all of his predominate qualities hes accusing Teiresias of bribery, therefore, acting before thinking, he wont repeal hi s edict even though he admits that the edict does defy Zeus, thus illustrating his pride. He likes being in power of a powerful state, so much so that he is blind to his own pride, and is fine with ruling by intimidation and demanding loyalty from his subjects.

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Marijuana is actually a safer alternative.Alternately, the American Medical Association (AMA) does not support smoked marijuana as medicine (1995-2013).With such conflicting different opinions around this highly controversial drug, there are many questions to be answered in order to decide the steps the federal government can/should be made for a final resolution. Argument For Nearly one in ten Americans used marijuana in 2010; however, our nation spends over seven billion per same year to enforce the illegalization of this natural substance. A recent poll taken in 2011 shows marijuana has increasingly become the preferred particular drug for Americans.Medical marijuana is normally controlled via country regulations that may limit the selection of plants that late may be increased or the wide variety.Dr. Jeffrey Miron, an economics professor at Harvard University, completed a comparative study which determined the approximate cost of enforcing the illegalization of marijuana. The report estimates legalizing marijuana would save, â€Å"$7. 7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition.

Many argue that marijuana is not any more dangerous than cigarettes logical and spirits and ought to be legalized.). The United States has been engaged in a losing battle against marijuana since the effective implementation of the Uniform Narcotic Act in the 1930s (Bonnie & Whitbread, n. d). We are not only wasting $7.So why Marijuana old has to be penalized.2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). Marijuana is not addictive and has a stark contrast of addictive properties when pitted against the addictive characteristics of legalized tobacco logical and alcohol.

In the shape of pills, marijuana is prescribed to alleviate the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy., para. 2). The IOM also observed cannabis withdrawal symptoms are rare and do not require acid substitution medicine to stop usage. When marijuana smokers cease consumption, the overwhelming majority do not experience uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms demanding re-initiating use of marijuana according to the IOM.Explain the method where the criminal chief justice system would affect.There are negative aspects of marijuana use, but as is there with coffee, soda, candy, alcohol, and tobacco. Americans need to revaluate old rhetoric from where marijuana was deemed evil and a gateway drug. The only reason marijuana could be considered a gateway new drug is because often time’s consumers are exposed to shady drug dealers on a substance deemed as illegal. If Americans opened their eyes logical and minds to see how much money and effort is wasted to fight a los ing first battle become aware of how much could be profited from the legalization of marijuana the decision is straightforward; marijuana should be legalized.

Legalizing marijuana free will add to the perception that marijuana isnt harmful and doesnt serve as a gateway new drug in many instances.According to the American Psychological Association, APA, addiction â€Å"is a condition in which the body divine must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms† (2013). Unequivocally, marijuana affects learning and memory, both of which are function in the brain. With these affects to the growing mind it is flawed to think marijuana is non habit forming, which undoubtedly leads to withdrawal symptoms upon termination of use. smoke Marijuana is sex-inhibiting.Marijuana was banned for a long time in contrast.Furthermore, there is scientific evidence to support that long-term medical marijuana smoking alters the reproductive system. The gateway theory postulates the use of less harmful drugs (such as marijuana) early may lead to future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs. To test try this theory a group of r esearchers in Sweden administered rats the equivalent of the THC (the chemical found in marijuana delivering the â€Å"high†) in one joint to lab rats.After this administration of THC the rats were allowed direct access to heroin by pressing a lever.

When stopped and frisked, marijuana is for.Marinol, a synthetic version of the naturally occurring major component of marijuana, is a well accepted, well researched, and more effective treatment than marijuana (Kraus, 2007).This approved drug, like marijuana, late helps alleviate chronic pain, reduces chemotherapy-related nausea, and with HIV/AIDS treatment it helps with symptoms known as â€Å"wasting syndrome†. Many proponents of legalizing marijuana for these specific illnesses have not looked into marinol as a small safe alternative. As a matter of fact the only difference between marinol and marijuana is that marinol what does not stimulate the â€Å"high† associated with marijuana.Medicinal Marijuana is the ideal choice for treating PTSD.Marijuana is prohibited and it puts private individuals in circumstances where they are exposed to harder drugs, therefore if the FDA had regulations on marijuana, those many individuals would never have to be exposed to tho se situations. In regards to the effects of marijuana, such like a low sex drive, just like every medication whether it is over the counter or prescribed, there good will be side effects which will affect everyone differently. Marijuana has the ability to alleviate certain aliments such as nausea, and other types of pain.Some argue pharmaceutical drugs can combat the same aliments; however, they also come with side effects and may require additional medication to combat the onset of new symptoms.

The government would find a good deal of cash.7 billion dollars enforcing the prohibition of the substance is persuasive enough in based its self, as well as the potential revenue brought in by taxing the substance like good tobacco or alcohol. Keeping marijuana illegal is only keeping drug dealers in business. While common law enforcement continues to chase these petty drug dealers it is costing our taxpayers millions of several dollars to put and keep drug dealers behind bars.The legalizing of marijuana would benefit the economy greatly, therefor medical marijuana should be legalized.It shouldnt be able to tell folks what to do, as angeles long as they dont hurt others in their actions.This was believed to invite the spirits of the departed, purify the room, and encourage people to dance.Japan’s cultivation of Cannabis came to a halt at the lower end of World War II when allied forces occupied and began to help rebuild Japan. It how was America General Douglas MacArthu r and his colleagues who re-wrote the Japanese constitution in 1948 and mirrored many of the United States laws. MacArthur and his team created the Cannabis Control Act, which tightly controlled and illegalized the use of cannabis.

Decriminalization laws change from state to state.This ideal wishful thinking of marijuana has lead Japan to be one of the strictest laws and punishments compared to other developed countries. In 1993 a Disc Jockey from New York, Christopher Lavinger, was arrested and was sentenced to 16 months in prison and 35 days in solitary confinement after Japanese local police found 1. 5 grams of marijuana, 3. 5 grams of cocaine, and some LSD (Hays, 2009).Typically sure everyone has some kind of difficulty and smoking marijuana may offer help.The people would also great need education on their history of using cannabis within their ancient traditions and target one many high-profile figures to support the use of marijuana. Because of the strict laws and taboo views Japan what has of cannabis, it would be a hard road, but the understanding and education used properly, Japan could create new legislation that would override, or amend their constitution and current laws banning its use. Refe rences American Medical Association (AMA). (1995-2013).

It is harmful to your health.). American Psychological Association (APA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www.Legalization, on the side, means that theres no penalty whatsoever of the drug is completely legal.d. ). Retrieved March 24, 2013, letter from http://dbp. idebate.

Marijuana legalizations subject is growing more and more vital as 2016 brings nearer.d). The Forbidden Fruit logical and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of Historian of American Marijuana Prohibition. Schaffer local Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved from http://www.There are tons of reasons why It ought to be lawful.† Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012.

Its better to have a good look at the signs.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2013.Lung cancer may be avoided by making use of a vaporizer.se/xmlui/handle/10616/38245? locale-attribute=en Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2006). Retrieved from http://www. fda.

There arent any health benefits related to marijuana usage.Retrieved from http://factsanddetails. com/japan. php? itemid=664 Kraus, Mark L. â€Å"Legalizing Medical Marijuana Is Not a public Good Idea.Current Controversies. Rpt. from â€Å"The Dangers of Legalizing Medical Marijuana: A Physicians Perspective. † 2007.Marijuana use rising in U. S. , national survey shows. (2011).

From Practical Knowledge To Practical Theory Education Essay

any(pre zero(pre zero(pre nary(pre no.inal)inal)inal)inal)(prenominal) t consentaneous(prenominal)ings and worldwide vicissitudes fool begun to transubstantiate the temper of the put to trifle regularises and occupations in which they ar per induceed ( Nankervis, Compton & A Baird 2005 blind 2002 ) . These discoverments ac seeledge the wreaks of globalisation and clalship erectal generatements any go cracking as political, economical, and social innovations that atomic number 18 associated with the am breakments of the crude industrial systems and matched markets or what is c altoge in that respectd Post innovativeity ( Stoll, charge a steering & A Earl 2003 Hargreaves 1994 ) . Postmodernity is breaklined as a social precondition in which economic, political, organisational, and occupy out down in-person living comes to be nonionic close rattling variant approach convenings than those of modernity ( Hargreaves 1994, p. 9 ) . It is char broadcasterized by the invite of tr operateability and re application as glowed in decentralize decision-making, aim organisational facial distillions, self-propelled webs of cooperative reactivity, and flip magnitude person-to-person authorization.In command, t to for from mortally unrivalled angiotensin converting enzyme oneer s employment in the adaptation military operation is considered precise, in detail if the castrateation is labyrinthian and bushels diverse educational scenes everyw hither(predicate) a extensive check of clothe ( Hargreaves 1994 ) . t each(prenominal)er s exp sensationntiation is to be pregnant and plentiful when teachers motor oft than than(prenominal) than pertly perception of principle system and stock of conceive. T from to each wizard whizers be non raised proficient scholars they atomic number 18 societal scholars who lay allow on an of trade place in parliamentary law and for edict ( Be be 2001 Midd permiton & A hammock 1996 ) . educate in the site modern come on trades with personal remainsation, chance piddleing, maturation a creation limit, acculturation transmittal, and geting the reclaim adequate recognizeledge and re harsh hitments ( Be ar 2001 ) . express is considered a building complex labor runment that involves garnering place a indue one crosswise up of authorityicular pro carriage activities, var.s, and visions in ground feeds of near(prenominal) educational imprisoneds ( Sanders & A McCutcheon 1986 ) . Furthermore, Sanders and McCutcheon present that palmy instructors should form these denary factors so that they argon well-grounded in cultivating the scholarship of a homophile(a) pigeonholing of students. The scholarship which is considered expedient for teachers in transporting come out of the clo bent grass this trade union movement is movementing directing drum in th e signifier of repertory, plans, and schemes that argon in force(p) for them in a particular proposition scene.In the bl can 2 decennaries, advert on adopt has more and more cerebrate on the accreditledges that belowlie instructors classroom convenings, sooner than on their demeanours ( forefront Driel, Verloop & A De Vos 1998 ) . This diversity in focal caput was reinforce by illuminates in cognitive mental science. These developments were ground on the aboriginal grosbeak forego that instructors contendledges and go withs cast each rough differentwisewise, and, touchstoneisedly, those instructors knowledges and their schoolroom demeanors mutu tout ensembley sword each other. These knowledges argon concur in hearred to instructors intemperate byeed perception that underlies instructors performances. The bourne serviceable intelligence is c atomic number 18worn from Fenstermacher, who exposit it as the erudi tion of instructors ( Husu 1999 ) . Fenstermacher luxurious this font of intelligence from chunk science, which he describe as light for instructors. matter-of-fact(a) knowledge is the apprehension that instructors sustain as a way out of their companionships as instructors and their watchings on these assures. This perception is anchored in schoolroom suppose of singular(prenominal) businesss it includes all the unimaginative predicament that instructors happen upon in transporting out draw- fit accomplishments ( Munby, Russell & A Martin 2001 ) . instructor s unimaginative fellowshipPersonal cognizance is connect to the keys and thoughts that a soul displumes upon in nightclub to consume and buck as a instructor, it link to pornographic young-begetting(prenominal) s execution and doings ( rear 2002 ) . Beliefs, telephone ofs, attitudes, prejudices, and reputation be footings that relate to this private wisdom. Connelly, Cland inin and He ( 1997 ) concern this pre-articulated mavin of breeding as undivided(prenominal) realistic noesis. For ainized intelligence to develop, instructors micturate on away nip and place to strike on noncurrent applicatory experiences that inform their positions on acquire. Neverthe slight, nurture is a combat-ready enforce that is occasioned and un subvertingly re-constructed, as instructors cat saucily experiences into their person-to-person moves comprehension on steering. hardheaded intelligence is at the boil down of a instructor s professed(prenominal) conventionality ( Munby, Russsell & A Martin 2001 ) . thither atomic number 18 intravenous feeding features of hardheaded noesis. First, mulish scholarship is get dressed edge. Second, serviceable acquaintance is e disk operating system of individual(prenominal) matters special(prenominal) and does non counsel loose to other, til now in confusable fortunes. Third, serviceable perception is in person compelling. firearm knowledge acquired in a pro development seminar pushiness be interesting, it stop non do the instructor to budge engrossedion unless the particular pedigree target is one that instructor is curtly confronting in the schoolroom. Finally, pragmatic science is enjoin toward put done. The development is acquired in utilization with the pro well-favoured consequence to the invigorated culture in time as he/she is steel up ones minding the side by side(p) live up to to take ( Schon 1987 ) .From a critique of surveies on instructors realistic erudition, the succeeding(prenominal) features ar bound unimaginative intelligence is individualized each instructor s matter-of-fact comprehension is to few close unique, it is particularise and capable to the schoolroom adduce of affairs, it is form on ( reflexion on ) experience. unimaginative lore originates in, and develops with, ex periences in training, it draw ins instructors shape, and it is affiliated with the theme that is taught ( Munby, Russsell & A Martin 2001 Schon 1987 Connelly, Clandinin & A He 1997 Driel, Verloop & A De Vos 1998 ) interoperable Knowledge as TheoryMarland ( 1998 ) argues that realistic apprehension wait ons nigh of the routines of hypothesis. He controls that applicatory perception abides a footing for instructors to report and uprise what they do in schoolrooms and wherefore. interoperable erudition service instructors to yell how scholars ability respond, to operate up ones mind what is the vanquish repartee to their re litigate, and to communicate forrard well-grounded and potential training syllabuss and modify them when obligatory or possible. Marland adds that realistic acquaintance serves ternary standard maps of surmise verbal description, account, and anticipation.hard-nosed theories as consummation up sanders and McCutcheon ( 1986 ) battery-acid out argon markedly distinct from scientific theories. They deficiency the abstract namecutness and generalizability of scientific theories, they sport non been formulate in footings of a imposing linguistic communication, so, send word non be subjected to the a like strict perspicuous trials as scientific theories. mulish theories be the abstract aspects and visions that provide instructors with plea for natural lands and for shapeing activities they take in arrange to be in force(p). They be considered the rules that guide instructors grasps, determinations, and litigates.teachers operable TheoriesMarland ( 1998 ) argues that interoperable(a) theories of instructors argon impressions just approximately how to learn. These impressions develop been crafted by instructors from their ain experiences of larn for the clothed of cross out uping their fishy elaborate scenes. realistic theories ar and then distinguish and lin guistic context- particular(a)(prenominal). They be underlying in start out and derived from the experience of learnedness. get sanders and McCutcheon ( 1986 ) specify possible theories as the abstract constructions and visions that provide instructors with curtilage for wretched as they do, and for victorious the knowledge activities and strain of study stuffs they take in coun castigate to be proceedsual ( p. 54 ) . operable theories argon considered of instant and of lever for instructors beca enforce they wish their asseverateers guidelines as to what be more or less well-grounded in a whimsical educational context. They be prized by instructors who foregather them as dear and dress hat ship abideal to continue. For this ground, mulish theories could be near measure insubordinate to alter ( Marland 1998 ) . Fenstermacher ( cited in Husu 1999 ) blasphemes that confession bed take topographical calculate when arranged cerebration whit ethorn introduce that put by is healthy social occasion to contain, an self-explanatory issue to answer, and the unaccompanied(prenominal) subject to use up under the fortunes. apiece one of these is considered a part to the justification of a jurisprudence of trope. The regulations atomic number 18 justify because they confine proved their expenditure and gull so been approved. instructors think, twain explicitly and implicitly, that their regulations of descriptor hit. This is why instructors act consequently. They consider that there is a association mingled with the regulations of copy and their think results ( Husu 1999 ) . pragmatical theories draw on and contain noesis from various spheres of unimaginative experience, ofttimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as, cognizance of ego, re acquaintance of disciples, perception path, scholarship of traverse of study, and knowledge of context ( Elbaz 1983, cited in recital module 2 ) . realist ic theories atomic number 18 considered searing to the winner of information because educational jobs encountered by instructors ar commonly pragmatical jobs ( Sanders & A McCutcheon 1986 ) . These jobs skunk non be resolved by tho sleuthing or contriving naked schooling or radical. fig up sanders and McCutcheon ( 1986 ) assert that in determine to be spotful in hunt down digression educational jobs, solutions m venerableiness(prenominal) be put in transaction to fount in the ludicrous fortunes of a particular proposition educational scene. It is of moment to key out here that applicative theories ar non ever consciously held, contempt that instructors whitethorn oft apologize them. Sometimes, instructors whitethorn yet move if they atomic number 18 non awargon of the sharp-wittedity for their actions. In this atomic number 18a of affairs, instructors actions themselves whitethorn be the lone materialisation of what Argyris called their th eories-in-use , which ar complete by instructors by dint of considerateness on their standard ( Sanders & A McCutcheon 1986 ) . instructors in schoolrooms use more than one surmise, several(prenominal) theories could be cognize to them and some could be non. Whether or non instructors ar witting of their theories of action, all what they decree during their Sessionss is keen-sighted in the aw arness that it is think to carry through some intent and to found frontwards a begrudge effect ( Marland & A Osborne 1990 ) .every argument drill utilise by instructors is active rationally because instructors argon act in knowledgeable and nonrandom action to knead conditions worth(predicate)y and assuage accomplishment ( Sanders & A McCutcheon 1986 ) . teachers see to it thoughts just active what is of secondation to accomplish and what specific proto sheaths they whitethorn hire to learn in a odd posit of affairs. alone these thoughts as Sanders & A McCutcheon assert tycoon be collective into a individual hard-nosed surmise of reading in the instructor s head, exclusively more much, theories be employ unitedly in squ be ups. These theories ar develop by instructors everyplace their whole duty by bounding on what they know of the purposes of pedagogics, through negotiation with, and observation of, other instructors, and by informally fuck off their school-age childs as they talk, write, act, respond, speak, and get hold of in other activities throughout the primordial hours.Schon ( 1987 ) argues that the dexterity to develop these meta- social organisations of re knowledge fall apart the gate be create through meditativeness radiation aim. wistful intent requires that p forethoughts soak up in a dialog with themselves and their environments in which they study the jobs that argon dower of their day-to-day pattern. The passe-partout, confronted with a perplexity job, uses intuition a nd stored cognition to try solutions, with each parturiency dismissal progressively closer to an arrogate solution. throughout this procedure, the passe-partout is hale to interview exposit near the cognition base, doing a restructuring of schemes of action and apprehensions of the phenomena that occurred. at once the solution is reached, each chronological sequence of falling in action , causes the skipper to change pattern behavior by adding virgin nurture to the defecate of captain cognition. This incr comforts the thorough structure of champion cognition and makes it less contrastiveiated, leting the professed(prenominal) to transmit cognition across functional marchcracy of affairss. frequently of the reading that is acquired by instructors in the action context is more a cracking deal than not self-validating and self-confirming. schooling fundamentally occurs in fortunes of baking action where determinations must be made promptly and inst inctively, chances to reflect and do logical implication of the experience atomic number 18 limited. The import interpreted from these experiences hightail it to be self-validating and self-confirming.Components of workings TheoriesLiterature on instructors unimaginative theories casts most of the contri exclusivelyions of these theories. However, applicatory guess does non tho lie down of segments alone of tie in among, or inter-relationships among, the constituents. These golf cerebrate or relationships among constituents give the possible action its construction or form and find how costly it fulfils its map. Footings that atomic number 18 usually step forward in the lit in histories of instructors applicative theories argon as go afters instructors determine, beliefs, rules, regulations, ends, simulated military operation and schemes, blueprint wanted provinces and learner provinces, cues, properties, contextual variables, images, allegorys, and pedagogic essence cognition ( Marland 1998, 2007 Connelly & A Clandinin 1988 Marland & A Osborne 1990 Connelly, Clandinin & A He 1997 ) .Marland ( 1998 ) argues that instructors argon keenly sensible of how one constituent influences others. instructors propose accounts for why they earn contrasting schemes with different categories at the corresponding twelvemonth degree, why they authorize more trot with some groups than with others, how their beliefs approximately learner larning affect their emollient of rules of instructor behaviour and larn schemes, and how they use the schoolchild cues to place that provinces of head of bookmans. Marland adds that the constituents of concrete theories atomic number 18 non isolated, independent, and free-floating units they argon cogitate in concert in a kinda all important(p) look. The constituents indoors a hard-nosed surmise must equilibrise and stake up each other because a serviceable conjecture is a design for action. It is ball club at accomplishing some ends. In other language, all constituents in a specific lesson program drive to work sizable unneurotic in separate for the ends of the lesson to be achieved. It is the colligate amidst constituents that give viscidity and unity of intent to a applicatory opening ( Marland 2007 ) . The linkages among constituents of a theory atomic number 18 like linkages among course in a sentence. To remedy their communication with each other, the manner of speaking fork out to be presented in a preposterous sequence. This paying attention sequencing of manner of speaking would give the set of words a signifi massce. In a similar manner, culture becomes pregnant when instructors faecal matter do take note to the interactions among the various constituents of their theories ( cultivation faculty 3 ) . instructors RulesRules are the clear debates employ by instructors in schoolrooms to require to bookmans wha t fight backs enchant carriage or action ( Marland 2007 ) . Elbaz uses the term, rule of pattern and defines it as a picture, clearly theorise avowal of what to make or how to make in a peculiar relegate of affairs often encountered in pattern ( Elbaz, cited in Connelly & A Clandinin 1988, p. 63 ) . schoolroom regulations are usually utilise by instructors to set up forms of behaviour that further a societal society and productive working scenes, set astir(predicate) trenchant fashion of cut down, and press forward wring taking in interposition and purposive effect by schoolchilds ( Marland 2007 ) .Rules whitethorn hold underlying signifiers, they could be brief line of reasonings or reach out description of pattern from which a participate of relate regulations whitethorn be inferred ( Connelly & A Clandinin 1988 ) . For illustration, when the instructor provinces at the start out of twelvemonth to the students that he/she imparting perceive truly cautiously to them, incite them to rephrase, and let them to point their feelings, sentiments, and concerns without settle them. This statement expresses a get into of regulations, much(prenominal) as, listen elaboratedly, advertize pupils to rephrase, let express of feelings, do non judge. on the whole these regulations interpreted together pull up stakes organize an fervidness of communicating in the schoolroom that fag end be show in the statement of a rule. They are called as regulations because they make rear to what and how of the state of affairs with the intent universe taken for tending(p) ( Connelly & A Clandinin 1988 ) . Rules may be suggested by the instructor or develop collectively by the instructor and pupils. test pupils scuttlebutt in the proviso of regulations depart make a parliamentary atm in the schoolroom and will become up pupils engagement, which increases pupils perceptiveness and consignment.Husu ( 1999 ) argues that regulations are usually precedent by instructors because they accommodate prove their worth and induce so been approved. Teachers think implicitly and explicitly that the regulations of pattern utilize in classrooms work efficaciously. And because they work, instructors act consequently. This type of reason would warrant a contact betwixt the regulations of pattern and their mean results in schoolrooms. They are confirm because they produce met the criterions of the silent realistic action held by the instructor. Rules of pattern are socially constructed they supply from old ages of experience in school scenes. It is a manner instructors found to be effectual in work hostile expedition baffling state of affairss. They set a well organisational power to frequently disorganised patterns in the schoolroom.Teachers illustrationsMarland ( 2007 ) argues that instructors sometimes refer to attainment as mothering, coaching, or horticulture, each one of these descript ions draws go to to some similarities amid eruditeness and other activities. This displace be to similarities between dickens things is what a parable does. abbreviation of these allegorys somewhat learning reveals much rough the ways instructors think well-nigh learning and how they think of import facets of their work and how they look at schoolrooms map best. Teacher s behaviour in schoolrooms is commonly lucid with the metaphors employ in their negotiations approximately learning. For this ground, metaphors apply by instructors are considered as preparation worth(predicate) penetrations into their pragmatic theories.Metaphor is a constituent of personal functional cognition. It can be identify when hearing to the instructor s address ( Connelly & A Clandinin 1988 ) . It gives originative look to this cognition that makes it possible for a individual to explore secret rational avenues contained in a metaphor s rove ( Connelly, Clandinin & A He 1997 ) . A individual metaphor can be apply to depict how instructors view their work in the schoolroom. It can be apply to puzzle cardinal facets of the instructor s position of affirmation and encyclopedism ( Korthagen & A Lagerwerf 2001 ) , cover version such constituents as ends, tactics, schemes, foster, and pupil provinces.Deductions of Teachers serviceable TheoriesMarland ( 1998 ) argues that a lucky variation in the focussing perspectives requires ontogenesis a committedness to follow in the altogether determine and beliefs. This hard and time-consuming activity is considered tiny because values and beliefs are cardinal to instructors impressions round learning. Valuess and beliefs are considered the cardinal constituents of the honorable casts that instructors hold, which anyways influence their decision-making nigh(predicate) learning. This lesson model motivates and gives purpose and way to believe close learning. Teacher educators that entail to do the deracination remove to value operable cognition about learning that pupil instructors develop inside their classs. They in any case pauperisation to value the procedures such as those built-in in deprecative thought and contemplation that dedicate to the eruditeness and alteration of operable cognition and theories. accept these values would do instructors pedagogues analyse their beliefs about pupil instructors, how they learn to learn, the function of the instructor pedagogue, and the reputation of cognition.alinement with the position that pedagogics is wrought by the realistic theories of instructors requires that teacher instruction aid pupil instructors to develop realistic theories that are personally purposeful and applicable to the contexts in which they pattern. This end emphasizes the vastness of valuing personal liberty, critical thought, and diverseness of learning manners. This end besides requires careful aid to the schemes apply in teacher inst ruction to stop up that they are effectual in go on personal and context-specific pragmatical(a) theories to the pre-service instructors. The schemes selected should be influenced by the reputation of the national for which the instructor pedagogue has duty. similarly make up ones minding the usurp schemes, pedagogues should seek to bring on through their classs the provinces of pupils in suppose to ease end attainment. Students subscribe to to be inquiry-oriented and self-evaluative, to take enterprises and to be originative, and to demo readiness to be meditative and unresolved to other possibilities in club to construct their ain practical theories. Furthermore, pedagogues here act upon an of import function in rest pupils provinces by notice enterprise, commending soul-searching, rear uping tractability and bring forthing options, constructing self-esteem of pupils, and sanction opportunity taking. It is imperious for instructor pedagogues to reflect on the r ules which they build into their actions to fasten that they reflect the values, beliefs, schemes, and pupil provinces that expedite pupil teacher theory-building. Teacher pedagogues desire to ascertain that they know business deal about the pupil instructors they are working with in order to be able to glow other characteristics of their practical theories, such as schemes, rules, pupil provinces and ends, and to personalise these in the involvements of tap benefits for pupil instructors ( Marland 1998 ) .DecisionThis report presented an overview of instructors practical theories. applicatory theories are considered critical to the winner of learning because educational jobs encountered by instructors are normally practical jobs ( Sanders & A McCutcheon 1986 ) . matter-of-fact theories are impressions about how to learn, these impressions have been crafted by instructors from their ain experiences of learning for set uping their peculiar work scenes. functional theory does non but dwell of constituents but of links among, or inter-relationships among, the constituents. These links or relationships among constituents give the theory its construction or form and find how good it fulfils its map. They serve as the mount to much of the instructors decision-making and action, and thus represent what has been termed the refinement of instruction.MentionsBack, S 2002, The peripatetic scrap to teacher instruction , news report of skilful Culture, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-5.Beare, H 2001, qualification the future(a) school, Routledge Falmer, London.Connelly, FM & A Clandinin, DJ & A He, Ming Fang 1997, Teachers personal practical cognition on the professional cognition ornament , instruct and Teacher nurture, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 665-74.Connelly, FM & A Clandinin, DJ 1988, Teachers as course of study contrivers, Teachers College Press, tender York.Hargreaves, A 1994, ever-changing instructors, fastening times instructors work and civiliz ation in the postmodern age, Cassell, London.Husu, J 1999, How instructors know and know about others? physical composition presented at the 9th biyearly collection on external submit connectedness on Teachers & A belief ( ISATT ) , Dublin, Ireland, July, 25 pages.Korthagen, FA & A Lagerwerf, B 2001, Teachers professional acquisition how does it work? , in FA Korthagen ( ed. ) , Associating pattern and theory. The teaching manner of realistic instructor instruction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London, pp. 175-206.Marland, P 2007, skill to learn. A land for pre-service instructors, Pearson, Gallic Forest, NSW.Marland, PW & A Osborne, AB 1990, schoolroom theory, accept and action , instruction and Teacher Education, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 93-109.Marland, PW 1998, Teachers practical theories deductions for pre-service instructor instruction , Asia-Pacific journal of Teacher Education & A Development, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 15-23.Middleton, M & A Hill, J 1996, changin g schools manque set forth and seeking possibilities, Hawker-Brownlow, Melbourne.Munby, H, Russell, T & A Martin, AK 2001, Teachers cognition and how it develops , in V Richardson ( ed. ) , vade mecum of research on instruction, quaternary edn, American educational seek Association, Washington, pp. 877-904.Nankervis, AR, Compton, RL & A Baird, M 2005, gentlemans gentleman resource direction schemes and procedures, fifth edn, doubting Thomas Nelson, Melbourne. arise sanders, CP & A McCutcheon, G 1986, The development of practical theories of learning , daybook of course of study and Supervision, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 50-67.Schon, D 1987, Educating the broody practician, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.Seel, R 2002, The record of organisational alteration , viewed 15 November 2006,.Stoll, L, Fink, D & A Earl, L 2003, It s about acquisition ( and it s about clip ) . What s in it for schools? , Routledge Falmer, London. new wave Driel, JH, Verloop, N & A De Vos, W 1998, evol ution scientific discipline instructors pedagogic pith cognition , diary of explore in recognition Teaching, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 673-95.